hashkafah philosophy - Would they have died anyway?

I preface my question by noting that this question can be uncomfortable to some people, but hope that this great community can answer it

Take any tragic event where people died, be it 9/11 or the shooting in France. Had those people not been on that plane, or at that supermarket, would have they have died that day anyway? Is it discussed anywhere in the Torah, Rishonim, Acharonim, that we have a predetermined date of death, or is death just a product of circumstances?

Please, cite your sources