The Rambam and those who follow suit divide the 613 mitzvos into two groups, 248 positive mitzvos and 365 negative mitzvos. This is sourced from Makkos 23b.
However, most of the Geonim (for example: Bahag, Rav Saadiah Gaon) divide the 613 mitzvos differently:
- 200 Positive mitzvos for the individual
- 277 Negative mitzvos for the individual
- 71 Punishments (counted towards negative mitzvos)
- 65 "Parshiyos" (in general, for the tzibbur (community) and Jewish court, 48 positive and 17 negative)
The Rishonim didn't have any source for this division, so they (for example, the Rambam (Shorash 14, see also Shorash 7 and Shorash 10)) outright rejected it.
Rav Yerucham Fishel Perla (mid 19th to mid 20th century) suggests that there must have been some baraisa or source that the Geonim had, to explain why they shared this common (and seemingly unusual) division. He couldn't find one, but suggested a couple of sources (Midrash Tehillim 119, Midrash Rus § 1) that hint to a different division than just positive and negative mitzvos, but no explicit source, nor a source that provides these numbers.
His sefer was published over a hundred years ago. Has anyone since found a source to vindicate the Geonim's division? In some manuscript or something.
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