For instance, the ground-state configuration of N atom is a p3 configuration of all parallel spins and one electron in each 2p orbital, which has:
- Total spin angular momentum, S=3∗12=32
- Spin multiplicity, 2S+1=2(32)+1=4
- Total orbital angular momentum, L=(−1)+(0)+(1)=0
and so, J=|L−S|,|L−S+1|,...,|L+S−1|,|L+S|=12,32. Thus, I've found that the two candidates are 4S1/2 and 4S3/2.
But my textbook (Pilar, from the '60s!) says that the ground state is 4S3/2. How could I figure something like this out?
Hund's Rules from my text (as far as I can tell---this text is hard for me to read) don't specify how we treat exactly half-filled subshells, only less-than-half-filled, or more-than-half-filled, assuming equal Lmax and Smax already.
(As a side note, my usual McQuarrie textbook is not with me this week, so I cannot simply refer to McQuarrie.)
Answer
The full calculation is laid out below. Start by calculating the spin, orbital and total of all angular momentum. Each electron has spin quantum number s=1/2 and magnetic quantum number ms=±1/2. Orbitals have angular momentum of s=0,p=1,d=2,f=3 etc.
The total spin angular momentum is the series of values S=|s1+s2|⋯|s1−s2|
The term symbol has the form 2S+1LJ. The super-prefix is the spin multiplicity, for spin angular momentum S this is 2S+1 or in general 2X+1 for angular momentum X.
When there are three 3 electrons the the spin and orbital angular momentum terms have to be added in two parts. First as a pair, with the equations above then again with each of the values in the series with the last electron or orbital.
For the spin the S values are
S=|s1+s2|⋯|s1−s2|=|1/2+1/2|⋯|1/2−1/2|=1, 0 . We call these values S1 and S0 To calculate the total with the third electron gives Ss1=|S1+1/2|⋯|S1−1/2|=3/2, 1/2
The same method is followed for the orbital angular momentum. The first two p orbitals give L=|l1+l2|⋯|l1−l2|=|1+1|⋯|1−1|=2, 1, 0
Putting all these values into a table gives LSJterm symbol33/29/2,7/2,5/2,3/24F9/2,7/2,5/2,3/223/27/2,5/2,3/2,1/24D7/2,5/2,3/2,1/213/25/2,3/2,1/24P5/2,3/2,1/203/23/24S3/231/27/2,5/22F7/2,5/221/25/2,3/22D5/2,3/211/23/2,1/22P3/2,1/201/21/22S1/2
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