Monday, April 15, 2019

organic chemistry - Why does hyperconjugation help for ring cleavage?


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The question was to rationalize it the ring cleavage happens concerted or non-concerted.


The papers "The Mechanism of the Thermal Decomposition of 1-Pyrazolines and Its Relationship to Cyclopropane Isomerizations" (Crawford 1965/1966; Original papers: here and here) have shown the loss of $\ce{N_2}$ is supposed to be concerted.


I think the C-C/C-D(H) bonds of the central position of the ring are involved in a hyperconjugative fashion, so its hybridization does matter. The out-of-phase linear combination of the $\sigma^\star$ orbitals looks like a p-orbital, therefore I expect a through-space interaction.


I've drawn the the out-of-phase combination as following:


enter image description here


Now my problem is, that I don't see why the out-of-phase combination is involved in hyperconjugation, because I think the overlap is best in the educt, less good in the transition state and has no orbital overlap to the product because the out-of-phase $p$ orbital is kind of perpendicular to the $sp$ Walsh orbitals which lies in the C-C-C plane.



How can hyperconjugation help to understand the observed kinetic isotope effect results?


Summary:



  • How does the FMO picture (HOMO-LUMO) with all involved bonds for hyperconjugation looks like?


  • Can the ratio 66%:34% be explained?




  • What does reactant 3 make compared to 2?




  • How can the ratio 1.07/1.20 be explained?


Do you have any ideas?




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