syntax - Ways to specify "intra-" or "extra-" usage of 北・南・東・西

I Was trying to describe that a certain castle was located south of Kyoto, I would expect the phrase to be:

「伏見桃山城が京都の南にある。」

I was then thinking, how would I say that it is in Kyoto, but the southern part of Kyoto.

For example, in English there isn't exactly a rule that applies 100% to a specific phrase, but the syntax does differentiate the two meanings:

It is located ...

• in the South of France (1)



• to the south of France (2)


• south of France (2)


• in southern France (1)


• to France's south (2)

(1) denotes inside France, (2) denotes outside of France

What ways are there in Japanese to specify what I am calling "intra-" vs. "extra-" usage of cardinal directions?

Answer

Place + の + 東/西/南/北 + にある is indeed ambiguous, but you can usually determine the meaning in one way with the aid of the context and some background knowledge:

• 伏見桃山城は京都の南にある。
  Fushimi-Momoyama Castle is in the South of Kyoto.


• 奈良県は京都の南にある。
  Nara Prefecture is located to the south of Kyoto.

If you want to avoid any confusion, you can say:

• Xは京都の南部にある。: inside Kyoto
  ^{(Keep の if you want to say this generally; see this.)}



• Xは京都の南の端にある。: inside Kyoto


• Xは京都の中で南の方にある。: inside Kyoto
  ^{(sounds wordy, use as a last resort)}


• Xは京都の南に接している。: outside but adjacent to Kyoto


• Xは京都のはるか南にある。: outside and far away from Kyoto


• Xは京都の南にある町の中にある。: outside Kyoto